1. Intro
2. Prerequisities
3. Yii demo app + GitLab
4. User management + DB creation + login via DB
5. i18n translations
6. Switching languages + session + lang-dropdown in the top menu
7. Simple access rights
8. Nice URLs
9. How to redirect web to subfolder /web
10. Auto redirection from login to desired URL
11. What to change when exporting to the Internet
12. Saving contact inqueries into DB
13. Tests - unit + opa
14. Adding a google-like calendar
15. Scenarios - UNKNOWN SCENARIO EXCEPTION

Intro ¶

Hi all!

Please note, that this article will be updated regularly as I have more and more snippets so come back in a few weeks

This snippet guide works with the basic Yii demo application and enhances it. It continues in my series of simple Yii tutorials. Previous two contain basic info about MVC concept, exporting to Excel and other topics so read them as well, but they are meant for Yii v1. I started with them cca in year 2011:

• https://www.yiiframework.com/wiki/250/yii-for-beginners
• https://www.yiiframework.com/wiki/462/yii-for-beginners-2

... and today I am beginning with Yii 2 so I will also gather my snippets and publish them here so we all can quickly setup the yii-basic-demo just by copying and pasting. This is my goal - to show how-to without long descriptions.

I was suprised that the Yii 2 demo application does not contain some basic functionalities (like login via DB, translations etc) which must be implemented in the most of web projects so I will focus on them. Plus I will talk about GitLab.

If you find any problems in my snippets, let me know, please.

Prerequisities ¶

Skip this paragraph if you know how to run your Yii demo project...

I work with Win10 + XAMPP Server so I will expect this configuration. Do not forget to start the server and enable Apache + MySQL in the dialog. Then test that following 2 URLs work for you

• http://localhost/
• http://localhost/phpmyadmin/

You should also download the Yii basic demo application and place it into the htdocs folder. In my case it is here:

• C:\xampp\htdocs

And your index.php should be here:

• C:\xampp\htdocs\basic\web\index.php

If you set things correctly up, following URL will open your demo application. Now it will probably throw an exception:

• http://localhost/basic/web/

The Exception is removed by entering any text into attribute 'cookieValidationKey' in file:

• C:\xampp\htdocs\basic\config\web.php

Dont forget to connect Yii to the DB. It is done in file:

• C:\xampp\htdocs\basic\config\db.php

... but it should work out-of-the-box if you use DB name "yii2basic" which is also used in examples below ...

Yii demo app + GitLab ¶

Once you download and run the basic app, I recommend to push it into GitLab. You will probably need a SSH certificate which can be generated like this using PuTTYgen. When I work with Git I use TortoiseGIT which integrates all git functionalities into the context menu in Windows File Explorer.

First go to GitLab web and create a new project. Then you might need to fight a bit, because the process of connecting your PC to GIT seems to be quite complicated. At least for me.

Once things work, just create an empty folder, right click it and select Git Clone. Enter your git path, best is this format:

• git@gitlab.com:{username}/{projectName}.git
• or you can use also this URL:
• https://gitlab.com/{username}/{projectName}.git
• or you can use HTTP:
• http://gitlab.com/{username}/{projectName}.git

When cloned, copy the content of the "basic" folder into the new empty git-folder and push everything except for folder "vendor". (It contains 75MB and 7000 files so you dont want to have it in GIT)

Then you can start to modify you project, for example based on this "tutorial".

Automatical copying from GitLab to FTP

I found these two pages where things are explained: link link and I just copied something.

You only need to create 1 file in your GitLab repository. It is named .gitlab-ci.yml and it should contain following code:

variables:
  HOST: "ftp url"
  USERNAME: "user"
  PASSWORD: "password"
  TARGETFOLDER: "relative path if needed, or just ./"

deploy:
  script:
    - apt-get update -qq && apt-get install -y -qq lftp
    - lftp -c "set ftp:ssl-allow no; open -u $USERNAME,$PASSWORD $HOST; mirror -Rnev ./ $TARGETFOLDER --ignore-time --parallel=10 --exclude-glob .git* --exclude .git/ --exclude vendor --exclude web/assets --exclude web/index.php --exclude web/index-test.php" 
  only:
    - master

I just added some exclusions (listed below) and will probably add --delete in the future. Read linked webs.

• exclude vendor = huge folder with 3rd party SW which is not in GIT
• exclude web/assets = also some cache
• exclude web/index.php = in GIT is your devel index with DEBUG mode enabled. You dont wanna have this file in productive environment
• exclude web/index-test.php = tests are only on your computer and in GIT

User management + DB creation + login via DB ¶

To create DB with users, use following command. I recommend charset utf8_unicode_ci (or utf8mb4_unicode_ci) as it allows you to use more international characters.

CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS `yii2basic` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci;

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `user` (
  `id` INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `username` VARCHAR(45) NOT NULL,
  `password` VARCHAR(60) NOT NULL,
  `email`    VARCHAR(60) NOT NULL,
  `authKey`  VARCHAR(60),
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`))
ENGINE = InnoDB;

INSERT INTO `user` (`id`, `username`, `password`, `email`, `authKey`) VALUES (NULL, 'user01', '0497fe4d674fe37194a6fcb08913e596ef6a307f', 'user01@gmail.com', NULL);

If you must use MyISAM instead of InnoDB, just change the word InnoDB into MYISAM.

Then replace existing model User with following snippet

• The model was generated by Gii and originally had 3 methods: tableName(), rules(), attributeLabels()
• In order to use the DB for login, we needed to implement IdentityInterface which requires 5 new methods.
• Plus we add 2 methods because of the default LoginForm and 1 validator.

<?php

namespace app\models;

use Yii;

class User extends \yii\db\ActiveRecord implements \yii\web\IdentityInterface {

    // When user detail is being edited we will only modify attribute password_new
    // Why? We dont want to load password-hash from DB and display it to the user
    // We only want him to see empty field and if it is filled in, password is changed on background
    public $password_new;
    public $password_new_repeat;

    // Use this scenario in UserController->actionCreate() right after: $model = new User() like this:
    // $model->scenario = User::SCENARIO_CREATE;
    // This will force the user to enter the password when new user is created
    // When user is edited, new password is not needed
    const SCENARIO_CREATE = "user-create";

    // ----- Default 3 model-methods by GII:

    public static function tableName() {
        return 'user';
    }

    public function rules() {
        return [
            [['username', 'email'], 'required'],
            [['password_new_repeat', 'password_new'], 'required', "on" => self::SCENARIO_CREATE],
            [['username', 'email'], 'string', 'max' => 45],
            ['email', 'email'],
            [['password', 'authKey'], 'string', 'max' => 60],
            [['password', 'password_new_repeat', 'password_new'], 'safe'],
            ['password_new_repeat', 'compare', 'operator' => '==', 'compareAttribute' => 'password_new'],
            ['password_new', 'compare', 'operator' => '==', 'compareAttribute' => 'password_new_repeat'],
            
            ['password_new_repeat', 'setPasswordWhenChanged'],
        ];
    }

    public function attributeLabels() {
        return [
            'id' => Yii::t('app', 'ID'),
            'username' => Yii::t('app', 'Username'),
            'password' => Yii::t('app', 'Password'),
            'password_new' => Yii::t('app', 'New password'),
            'password_new_repeat' => Yii::t('app', 'Repeat new password'),
            'authKey' => Yii::t('app', 'Auth Key'),
            'email' => Yii::t('app', 'Email'),
        ];
    }

    // ----- Password validator

    public function setPasswordWhenChanged($attribute_name, $params) {

        if (trim($this->password_new_repeat) === "") {
            return true;
        }

        if ($this->password_new_repeat === $this->password_new) {
            $this->password = sha1($this->password_new_repeat);
        }

        return true;
    }

    // ----- IdentityInterface methods:

    public static function findIdentity($id) {
        return static::findOne($id);
    }

    public static function findIdentityByAccessToken($token, $type = null) {
        return static::findOne(['access_token' => $token]);
    }

    public function getId() {
        return $this->id;
    }

    public function getAuthKey() {
        return $this->authKey;
    }

    public function validateAuthKey($authKey) {
        return $this->authKey === $authKey;
    }

    // ----- Because of default LoginForm:

    public static function findByUsername($username) {
        return static::findOne(['username' => $username]);
    }

    public function validatePassword($password) {
        return $this->password === sha1($password);
    }

}

Validators vs JavaScript:

• There are 2 types of validators. All of them are used in method rules, but as you can see, the validator setPasswordWhenChanged is my custom validator and needs a special method. (I just abused a validator to set the password value, no real validation happens inside)
• If a validator does not need this special method, it is automatically converted into JavaScript and is used on the web page when you are typing.
• If a validator needs the method, it cannot be converted into JavaScript so the rule is checked only in the moment when user sends the form to the server - after successful JavaScript validation.

Now you can also create CRUD for the User model using GII:

• http://localhost/basic/web/index.php?r=gii.

CRUD = Create Read Update Delete = views and controller. On the GII page enter following values:

• Model Class = app\models\User
• Search Model Class = app\models\UserSearch
• Controller Class = app\controllers\UserController
• View Path can be empty or you can set: views\user
• Again enable i18n

And then you can edit users on this URL: http://localhost/basic/web/index.php?r=user ... but it is not all. You have to modify the view-files so that correct input fields are displayed!

Open folder views\user and do following:

• _form.php - rename input password to password_new then duplicate it and rename to password_new_repeat. Remove authKey.
• _search.php - remove password and authKey.
• index.php - remove password and authKey.
• view.php - remove password and authKey.

Plus do not forget to use the new scenario in UserController->actionCreate() like this:

public function actionCreate()
{
  $model = new User();
  $model->scenario = User::SCENARIO_CREATE; // the new scenario!
  // ...

i18n translations ¶

Translations are fairly simple, but I probably didnt read manuals carefully so it took me some time. Note that now I am only describing translations which are saved in files. I do not use DB translations yet. Maybe later.

1 - Translating short texts and captions

First create following folders and file.

• "C:\xampp\htdocs\basic\messages\cs-CZ\app.php"

(Note that cs-CZ is for Czech Lanuage. For German you should use de-DE etc. Use any other language if you want.)

The idea behind is that in the code there are used only English texts and if you want to change from English to some other language this file will be used.

Now go to file config/web.php, find section "components" and paste the i18n section:

    'components' => [
        'i18n' => [
          'translations' => [
            '*' => [
              'class' => 'yii\i18n\PhpMessageSource',
              'basePath' => '@app/messages',
              'sourceLanguage' => 'en-US',
              'fileMap' => [
                'app' => 'app.php'
              ],
            ],
          ],
        ], // end of 'i18n'

        // ... other configurations

    ], // end of 'components'
    

Explanation of the asterisk * can be found in article https://www.yiiframework.com/doc/guide/2.0/en/tutorial-i18n

You surely saw that in views and models there are translated-texts saved like this:

Yii::t('app', 'New password'),

It means that this text belongs to category "app" and its English version (and also its ID) is "New password". So this ID will be searched in the file you just created. In my case it was the Czech file:

• "C:\xampp\htdocs\basic\messages\cs-CZ\app.php"

Therefore open the file and paste there following code:

<?php
return [
    'New password' => 'Nové heslo',
];
?>

Now you can open the page for adding a new user and you will see than so far nothing changed :-)

• http://localhost/basic-/web/index.php?r=user%2Fcreate

We must change the language ... For now let's do it in a primitive and permanent way again in file config/web.php

$config = [
    // use your language
    // also accessible via Yii::$app->language
    'language' => 'cs-CZ',
    
    // This attribute is not necessary.
    // en-US is default value
    'sourceLanguage' => 'en-US',
    
    // ... other configs

2 - Translating long texts and whole views

If you have a view with long texts and you want to translate it into a 2nd language, it is not good idea to use the previous approach, because it uses the English text as the ID.

It is better to translate the whole view. How? ... Just create a sub-folder next to the view and give it name which will be identical to the target-lang-ID. In my case the 2nd language is Czech so I created following folder and copied my view in it. So now I have 2 identical views with identical names:

• "C:\xampp\htdocs\basic\views\site\about.php" ... English
• "C:\xampp\htdocs\basic\views\site\cs-CZ\about.php" ... Czech

Yii will automatically use the Czech version if needed.

Switching languages + session + lang-dropdown in the top menu ¶

First lets add to file config/params.php attributes with list of supported languages:

<?php
return [
    // ...
    'allowedLanguages' => [
        'en-US' => "English",
        'cs-CZ' => "Česky",
    ],
    'langSwitchUrl' => '/site/set-lang',
];

This list can be displayed in the main menu. Edit file:

• C:\xampp\htdocs\basic\views\layouts\main.php

And above the Nav::widget add few rows:

    $listOfLanguages = [];
    $langSwitchUrl = Yii::$app->params["langSwitchUrl"];
    foreach (Yii::$app->params["allowedLanguages"] as $langId => $langName) {
        $listOfLanguages[] = ['label' => Yii::t('app', $langName), 'url' => [$langSwitchUrl, 'langID' => $langId]];
    }

and then add one item into Nav::widge

    echo Nav::widget([
        // ...
        'items' => [
            // ...
            ['label' => Yii::t('app', 'Language'),'items' => $listOfLanguages],
            // ...

Now in the top-right corner you can see a new drop-down-list with list of 2 languages. If one is selected, action "site/setLang" is called so we have to create it in SiteController.

Note that this approach will always redirect user to the new action and his work will be lost. Nevertheless this approach is very simple so I am using it in small projects. More complex projects may require an ajax call when language is changed and then updating texts using javascript so reload is not needed and user's work is preserved. But I expect that when someone opens the web, he/she sets the language immediately and then there is no need for further changes.

The setLang action looks like this:

    public function actionSetLang($langID = "") {
        $allowedLanguages = Yii::$app->params["allowedLanguages"];
        $langID = trim($langID);
        if ($langID !== "" && array_key_exists($langID, $allowedLanguages)) {
            Yii::$app->session->set('langID', $langID);
        }
        return $this->redirect(['site/index']);
    }

As you can see when the language is changed, redirection to site/index happens. Also mind that we are not modifying the attribute from config/web.php using Yii::$app->language, but we are saving the value into the session. The reason is that PHP deletes memory after every click, only session is kept.

We then can use the langID-value in other controllers using new method beforeAction:

    public function beforeAction($action) {

        if (!parent::beforeAction($action)) {
            return false;
        }

        Yii::$app->language = Yii::$app->session->get('langID');

        return true;
    }

.. or you can create one parent-controller named for example BaseController. All other controllers will extend it.

<?php

namespace app\controllers;

use Yii;
use yii\web\Controller;

class BaseController extends Controller {

    public function beforeAction($action) {

        if (!parent::beforeAction($action)) {
            return false;
        }

        Yii::$app->language = Yii::$app->session->get('langID');

        return true;
    }

}

As you can see in the snippet above, other controllers must contain row "use app\controllers\BaseController" + "extends BaseController"

Simple access rights ¶

Every controller can allow different users/guests to use different actions. Method behaviors() can be used to do this. If you generate the controller using GII the method will be present and you will just add the "access-part" like this:

// don't forget to add this import:
use yii\filters\AccessControl;

public function behaviors() {
  return [
    // ...
    'access' => [
      'class' => AccessControl::className(),
      'rules' => [
        [
          'allow' => true,
          'roles' => ['@'], // logged in users
          // 'roles' => ['?'], // guests
          // 'matchCallback' => function ($rule, $action) {
            // all logged in users are redirected to some other page
            // just for demonstration of matchCallback
            // return $this->redirect('index.php?r=user/create');
          // }
        ],
      ],
      // All guests are redirected to site/index in current controller:
      'denyCallback' => function($rule, $action) {
        Yii::$app->response->redirect(['site/index']);
      },
    ],
  ];
}

.. This is all I needed so far. I will add more complex snippet as soon as I need it ...

Details can be found here https://www.yiiframework.com/doc/guide/2.0/en/security-authorization.

Nice URLs ¶

Just uncomment section "urlManager" in config/web.php .. htaccess file is already included in the basic demo. In case of problems see this link.

My problem was that images were not displayed when I enabled nice URLs. Smilar discussion here.

// Originally I used these img-paths:
<img src="..\web\imgs\myimg01.jpg"/>

/// Then I had to chage them to this:
Html::img(Yii::$app->request->baseUrl . '/imgs/myimg01.jpg')

// The important change is using the "baseUrl"

Note that Yii::$app->request->baseUrl returns "/myProject/web". No trailing slash.

How to redirect web to subfolder /web ¶

Note: If you are using the advanced demo app, this link can be interesting for you.

Yii 2 has the speciality that index.php is hidden in the web folder. I didnt find in the official documentation the important info - how to hide the folder, because user is not interested in it ...

Our demo application is placed in folder:

• C:\xampp\htdocs\basic\web\index.php

Now you will need 2 files named .htaccess

• C:\xampp\htdocs\basic\web\.htaccess
• C:\xampp\htdocs\basic\.htaccess

The first one is mentioned in chapter Nice URLs and looks like this:

RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteRule . index.php [L]

The second is simpler:

RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ web/$1 [L]

... it only adds the word "web" into all URLs. But first we have to remove the word from URLs. Open file config/web.php and find section request. Add attribute baseUrl:

'request' => [
  // 'cookieValidationKey' => ...
  'baseUrl' => '/basic', // add this line
],

Now things will work for you. But it might be needed to use different value for devel and productive environment. Productive web is usually in the root-folder so baseUrl should be en empty string. I did it like this:

$baseUrlWithoutWebFolder = "";
if (YII_ENV_DEV) {
  $baseUrlWithoutWebFolder = '/basic';
}

// ...

'request' => [
  // 'cookieValidationKey' => ...
  'baseUrl' => $baseUrlWithoutWebFolder,
],

I will test this and if I find problems and solutions I will add them.

Auto redirection from login to desired URL ¶

... to be added ...

What to change when exporting to the Internet ¶

• Delete file web/index-test.php
• In file web/index.php comment you 2 first lines containing YII_DEBUG + YII_ENV
• Delete the text from view site/login which says "You may login with admin/admin or demo/demo."

Saving contact inqueries into DB ¶

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `contact` ;

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `contact` (
  `id` INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` VARCHAR(45) NOT NULL,
  `email` VARCHAR(45) NOT NULL,
  `subject` VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
  `body` TEXT NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`))
ENGINE = InnoDB;

• Create the DB table
• Generate Model + CRUD using GII
• In Site controller replace ContactForm with Contact (in section "use" and in actionContact) and in the action change the IF condition:

  use app\models\Contact;
  // ... 
  public function actionContact() {
    $model = new Contact();
    if ($model->load(Yii::$app->request->post()) && $model->save()) {
    // ...
  

• Open the new contact model and add one attribute and 2 rules:

public $verifyCode;
// ...
  ['verifyCode', 'captcha'],
  ['email', 'email'],

// and translation for Captcha
'verifyCode' => Yii::t('app', 'Verification'),

• You can also delete one paragraph from view/site/contact

  <p>
  Note that if you turn on the Yii debugger ...
  

Then some security - filtering users in the new ContactController:

public function beforeAction($action) {

  if (!parent::beforeAction($action)) {
    return false;
  }

  $guestAllowedActions = [];

  if (Yii::$app->user->isGuest) {
    if (!in_array($action->actionMethod, $guestAllowedActions)) {
      return $this->redirect(['site/index']);
    }
  }
  
  return true;
}

Tests - unit + opa ¶

... text ...

Adding a google-like calendar ¶

I needed to show user a list of his events in a large calendar so I used library fullcalendar.

Great demo which you can just copy and paste:

• https://fullcalendar.io/js/fullcalendar-3.0.0/demos/list-views.html
• ... just "view source" of the web and copy the js + html code, css and js files.

/*I added this style to hide vertical scroll-bars*/
.fc-scroller.fc-day-grid-container{
  overflow: hidden !important;
}

• Don't forget to use these files for example in your view like this:

$this->registerCssFile('@web/css/fullcalendar/fullcalendar.css');
$this->registerCssFile('@web/css/fullcalendar/fullcalendar.print.css', ['media' => 'print']); 

$this->registerJsFile('@web/js/fullcalendar/moment.min.js', ['depends' => ['yii\web\JqueryAsset']]);
$this->registerJsFile('@web/js/fullcalendar/fullcalendar.min.js', ['depends' => ['yii\web\JqueryAsset']]);

// details here:
// https://www.yiiframework.com/doc/api/2.0/yii-web-view

... if you want to go pro, use NPM. The NPM way is described here.

API is here: https://fullcalendar.io/docs ... you can then enhace the calendar config from the example above

In order to make things work I had to force jQuery to be loaded before calendar scripts using file config/web.php like this

   'components' => [
        
		// ...
		
       'assetManager' => [
            'bundles' => [
                'yii\web\JqueryAsset' => [
                    'jsOptions' => [ 'position' => \yii\web\View::POS_HEAD ],
                ],
            ],
        ],

You can customize the calendar in many ways. For example different event-color is shown here. Check the source code.

Scenarios - UNKNOWN SCENARIO EXCEPTION ¶

I have been using scenarios a lot but today I spent 1 hour on a problem - I had 2 scenarios and one of them was just assigned to the model ...

$model->scenario = "abc";

... but had no rule defined yet. I wanted to implement the rule later, but I didnt know that when you set a scenario to your model it must be used in method rules() or defined in method scenarios(). So take this into consideration. I expected that when the scenario has no rules it will just be skipped or deleted.